Torque and switching in the bacterial flagellar motor. An electrostatic model.

A model is presented for the rotary motor that drives bacterial flagella, using the electrochemical gradient of protons across the cytoplasmic membrane. The model unifies several concepts present in previous models. Torque is generated by proton-conducting particles around the perimeter of the rotor at the base of the flagellum. Protons in channels formed by these particles interact electrostatically with tilted lines of charges on the rotor, providing "loose coupling" between proton flux and rotation of the flagellum. Computer simulations of the model correctly predict the experimentally observed dynamic properties of the motor. Unlike previous models, the motor presented here may rotate either way for a given direction of the protonmotive force. The direction of rotation only depends on the level of occupancy of the proton channels. This suggests a novel and simple mechanism for the switching between clockwise and counterclockwise rotation that is the basis of bacterial chemotaxis.