Chicken ovalbumin upstream promoter transcription factor (COUP-TF): expression during mouse embryogenesis.

Members of the steroid/thyroid hormone receptor superfamily such as TR, RAR, RXR and VDR are known to play important roles in regulation of gene expression during development, differentiation and homeostasis. COUP-TFs are orphan members of this superfamily of nuclear receptors and have been shown to negatively regulate the ability of these nuclear receptors to transactivate target genes. Two different mechanisms are implicated in this repression. First, COUP-TFs bind to AGGTCA direct repeats and palindromes with various spacings, which include response elements for TR, RAR, RXR and VDR, allowing for direct competition of COUP-TFs for the response elements. Second, COUP-TFs can heterodimerize with RXRs, the essential cofactor for effective binding of VDR, TRs and RARs to their cognate response elements. The physiological significance of this negative effect of COUP-TF on the activity of these receptors has been analyzed. Detection of COUP-TF transcripts during mouse development reveal discrete spatial and temporal expression domains consistent with COUP-TFs being involved in regulation of gene expression during embryogenesis. Transcripts are localized within discrete regions of the central and peripheral nervous system including the inner ear. In addition, COUP-TFs are found in many tissues including testes, ovary, prostate, skin, kidney, lung, stomach, intestine, pancreas and salivary gland. Some of these expression domains colocalize with those of TR, RAR, and RXR. The simultaneous expression of these genes raise the possibility that COUP-TFs can act as negative regulatory factors during development and differentiation.