Reorganisation in human motor cortex.

Transcranial magnetic stimulation over the motor cortex was used to construct a map of the effective sites on the scalp from which short-latency electromyogram responses could be evoked in muscles proximal to either an amputation stump (two subjects) or an ischemically anesthetized forearm (two subjects). At rest, the maps were larger and the responses bigger when stimulating contralateral to the amputated arm or after anesthesia than they were in the intact arm or before anesthesia. However, this difference disappeared when the maps were constructed during a small tonic voluntary contraction of the target muscle. We conclude that reorganisation of the corticospinal projection to a muscle at rest may no longer be present during activity. If so, this calls into question the possible functional benefits of such reorganisation in the control of movement after peripheral damage.