Physical restraint of critically ill patients: a human issue.

Physical restraints modify the behavior of an individual through the limitation of movement. Despite awareness of physical, psychological, and ethical problems associated with the use of physical restraints on elderly patients, the practice remains widespread in critical care units and appears to be an accepted standard of care. Legal and ethical issues as well as personal dilemmas complicate and influence the decision to use restraints. This article reviews the current literature about physical restraints and presents suggestions for practice and research regarding their use in critical care.