Coding of hierarchical versus linear pattern structure in rats and humans.

In 3 experiments, rats and humans learned serial patterns composed of 24, 30, or 36 items. Patterns had a 2-, 3-, or 4-level hierarchical rule structure. In Experiments 1 and 2, patterns had either perfect hierarchical structure or 2 modified chunks that violated hierarchical structure, thus producing linear structure (i.e., nonhierarchical structure). For both rats and humans, pattern structure predicted pattern learning difficulty and also the nature and relative frequency of errors. Both treated chunks that were inconsistent with hierarchical structure as violation chunks, that is, they made errors that reflected their "tendency to regularize the perception of an irregular pattern" (F. Restle & B. L. Burnside, 1972). The results support the view that rats can abstract and encode a representation of multilevel hierarchical structure in serial patterns in much the same way as humans do in analogous tasks.