New morphological and neuropathological findings in schizophrenia: a neurodevelopmental perspective.

This article reviews evidence for morphological abnormalities in schizophrenia as assessed by brain imaging and neurohistochemical techniques including immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization. Localized deficits in schizophrenic brain appear in many regions including frontal and temporal lobes, anterior cingulate, mediodorsal thalamic nucleus, and corpus callosum. These areas are interconnected and may provide the basis for a "psychosis circuitry." Neuronal disruption of elements in this circuitry may result in a hypothesized dysconnection syndrome. Evidence suggests an alteration in neuronal development related to either genetic and/or environmental factors. Primary and secondary anterograde and retrograde effects may accompany this neurodevelopmental defect and may further alter intrinsic and extrinsic neuronal communications. A number of studies are consistent with the second trimester of gestation being a critical period for fetal brain development, especially for neuronal migration. Fetal trauma due to environmental insults (e.g., influenza) during this trimester may increase the incidence of schizophrenia. Recent advances in the identification of factors that modulate neuronal development including axon guidance molecules, neurotrophins, and programmed cell death genes provide intriguing new areas for potential investigation. Future research may focus on the factors controlling neuronal migration and programmed cell death in the schizophrenic brain.