The influence of salinity on the toxicity of various classes of chemicals to aquatic biota.

The objective of this study was to review all available aquatic toxicity literature regarding the effects of salinity on the toxicity of various classes of inorganic and organic chemicals. Toxicity data for studies in which toxicity was assessed at various salinities were organized by chemical classes and trophic groups. Seventy percent of the studies were conducted with either crustaceans or fish. The other 30% were with mollusks, annelids, zooplankton, bacteria, phytoplankton, or fungi. Results from 173 data entries showed that negative correlations (toxicity increasing with decreasing salinity) were reported most frequently (55%), followed by no correlations (27%) and positive correlations (18%). The toxicity of most metals such as cadmium, chromium, copper, mercury, nickel, and zinc was reported to increase with decreasing salinity. This finding is likely related to the greater bioavailability of the free metal ion (toxic form) at lower salinity conditions. There was generally no consistent trend for the toxicity of most organic chemicals with salinity. The one exception to this was reported with organophosphate insecticides, the toxicity of which appeared to increase with increasing salinity. Physiological characteristics of the various test species were important in determining the toxicity of the various classes of chemicals at a range of salinities. Results from various studies showed that euryhaline species were more resistant to toxic conditions at isosmotic salinities due to minimization of osmotic stress. Specific examples showed that fish were more resistant to toxic chemicals at middle salinities when compared with either lower or higher extremes. Life history and ecology of test species were important factors to consider when interpreting salinity/contaminant interaction data.