Chromosome identification and mapping in the grass Zingeria biebersteiniana (2n = 4) using fluorochromes.

The grass Zingeria biebersteiniana is one of five angiosperms known with 2n = 2x = 4. Its chromosomes were studied using fluorochrome banding and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). The large pericentromeric region fluoresced much more brightly on chromosome 2 than on chromosome 1, using two different fluorochrome banding methods. These offer rapid and reliable means for identifying chromosomes and work throughout mitosis. FISH located the major site of 18S-26S rDNA sequences at the secondary constriction, which is proximal to two minor sites, all on the short arm of chromosome 1. Two 5S sites were also detected, the most distinct on the short arm of chromosome 2 and the other apparently co-localized with part of the major 18S-26S rDNA cluster on chromosome 1. These results constitute the first steps in constructing a physical gene map for Z. biebersteiniana. Such information may facilitate future studies of the organization and reorganization of grass genomes, including research into the spatial arrangement of the genome in Zingeria nuclei and much wider comparisons of synteny and genome evolution in grasses.