Activation of CD4+ T cells by delivery of the B7 costimulatory signal on bystander antigen-presenting cells (trans-costimulation).

Increasing evidence in both murine and human systems suggests that the interaction of the T cell surface antigens CD28/CTLA4 with their ligand B7 on the antigen-presenting cells (APC) is the critical costimulatory pathway involved in the induction of maximal T cell activation and the prevention of induction of anergy. It has also been demonstrated that efficient induction of clonal expansion of normal CD4+ T cells requires the delivery of the T cell receptor (TCR) ligand and costimulation by the same APC. We demonstrate here that normal murine CD4+ T cells can be efficiently activated by soluble anti-CD3 cross-linked by fixed macrophages and by a costimulatory signal delivered by a bystander APC, B7-transfected L cells. The major factor which determined the ability of an APC to provide costimulation in "trans" was the level of cell surface B7 expression. The requirement for B7 costimulation appears to be at initial stage of TCR engagement since optimal T cell activation was only observed when TCR triggering and B7 costimulatory activity were delivered at same time by different APC. Induction of maximal proliferation of both naive CD45RBhi and memory CD45RBlo CD4+ T cells was B7 dependent and both populations of cells responded equally well to the B7 costimulation delivered in "trans". Furthermore, trans-costimulation provided by B7 transfected L cells efficiently prevented the induction of anergy in normal murine CD4+ T cells induced by anti-CD3 cross-linked by fixed-resting macrophages. Addition of exogenous interleukin-2 (IL-2) and IL-7 to the primary culture in the absence of B7-transfected L cells or addition of IL-2 to the culture containing the B7 transfectant and CTLA4Ig completely prevented the induction of hyporesponsiveness. These findings raise the possibility that in certain pathological states, CD4+ T cells in vivo may be activated by costimulation delivered by bystander APC.