Decrease of red cell membrane fluidity and -SH groups due to hyperglycemic conditions is counteracted by alpha-lipoic acid.

Human red cell membranes (ghosts) were treated by 5 min of incubation with fasting or hypo- and hyperglycemic concentrations of D-glucose. This simulation of nondiabetic or diabetic conditions revealed an influence on membrane fluidity and on protein -SH reactivity. Protein -SH groups, measured with Ellman's reagent, generally behave in the same way as membrane fluidity determined with diphenylhexatriene. Maximal values were obtained with 5 mM D-glucose, whereas decrease was observed above 10 mM D-glucose. Addition of alpha-lipoic acid (4 nmol/mg protein) resulted in a significant increase in membrane fluidity and titratable -SH groups at glucose concentrations of 10 mM and above. Dithiothreitol diminished titrable-SH groups and did not restore membrane fluidity. 2-Mercaptopropionylglycine was only effective in restoration of -SH groups. By contrast to D-glucose, other sugars such as L-glucose, D-fructose, or sucrose revealed no comparable changes on membrane fluidity and titratable membrane -SH groups between concentrations of 5 and 10 mM. The hyperglycemic effects of D-glucose were corroborated with isolated, reconstituted membrane proteins and erythrocyte glucose carrier, indicating that, in general, the observed divergent biochemical/biophysical changes of the red cell membrane are influenced by the glucose transport protein GluT1. The natural R-form and the S-form of alpha-lipoic acid were compared with racemic R-/S-forms for their efficiencies in alterations of red cell membrane fluidity. Decreased fluidities in presence of 10 mM glucose were found to be influenced in differentiated ways: the S-form was highly active in increasing fluidity at 4 nmol/mg and increasingly less active up to 20 nmol/mg protein. By contrast the R-form of lipoic acid was moderately efficient in increasing fluidity through a larger concentration range between 4 and 80 nmol/mg protein.