Childhood deaths from anaemia in Accra, Ghana.

Severe anaemia has remained a major cause of morbidity and mortality in children of Southern Ghana since the early 1960s. 71.1% of 15450 children attending the Korle Bu Teaching Hospital, Accra referred to the laboratory for haematological studies had haemoglobin (HB) levels below 11.0 Gm/dl while 27.7% of anaemic patients had Hb levels below 7.0 gm/dl. Indeed, 71.1% of children with severe anaemia had Hb levels below 5.0 gm/dl, thus requiring urgent blood transfusion. Though the Department of Child Health alone utilised 32.2% of total blood processed by the National Blood Transfusion Service at Korle Bu, as many as 259 (58.1%) of the 554 deaths in the emergency rooms per annum in children beyond the neonatal period were related to severe anaemia. Iron deficiency was the commonest cause of anaemia and contributed further to the anaemias of sickle cell disease and protein--energy malnutrition. In the light of the significant decline in the prevalence of childhood anaemia in the developed world following improved counseling in nutrition, fortification of foods with iron, and iron supplementation to infants and school children, and the documented attendant improvement in growth velocity and intellectual performance we support the planned national anaemia survey and recommend for early consideration iron supplementation to older infants and pre-school children at risk.