Coping-based intervention strategies.

Coping is explained as a circular process involving three repetitive steps: (1) perception of a change in well-being; (2) cognitive processing of information, in assessing its impact and possible consequences; and (3) coping as such, including many different modes. In general, active, task-oriented behaviour in which patients tackle problems, remain optimistic and seek attention and care is considered favourable. A passive and withdrawn attitude with ruminations, self-accusation and resignation is known to be unfavourable. Based on problem-solving theory, a coping-based intervention strategy is presented as follows: (1) establishing a therapeutic relationship; (2) analysis of the problem (situation and actual coping); (3) definition of problem for patient; (4) defining goals; and (5) working through and modification of coping. A rich body of scientific evidence now exists in almost all areas of medicine that such short and structured interventions contribute significantly to the healing process.