Sleep, microbes and cytokines.

Dynamic changes in sleep in response to infectious challenge are a facet of the acute phase response. Changes in sleep induced by infection seem to be of recuperative value to the host. Furthermore, loss of sleep is associated with changes in immune function. Specific components of microbes such as muramyl peptides or endotoxin from bacteria or double-stranded RNA from virus induce sleep responses. These microbial-induced responses are mediated via enhanced cytokine and hormone production. Interleukin-1, tumor necrosis factor and interferon-alpha are somnogenic. Interleukin-1-enhanced sleep involves growth hormone-releasing hormone. Microbial-cytokine-altered sleep results from an amplification of physiological sleep mechanisms.