Species differences in A1 adenosine receptor/G protein coupling: identification of a membrane protein that stabilizes the association of the receptor/G protein complex.

Reconstitution experiments with purified components reproduce the basic characteristics of receptor/G protein coupling, i.e., GTP-sensitive high affinity agonist binding and receptor-promoted GTP binding. However, the interaction of agonists with the A1 adenosine receptor in rat and bovine but not human brain membranes deviates from the ternary complex model since the agonist/receptor/G protein complex cannot be dissociated by high concentrations (> or = 100 microM) of the hydrolysis-resistant analogue GTP gamma S. The reason for this phenomenon referred to as a "tight coupling mode" has remained enigmatic. We show that it is attributable to a distinct membrane protein, which we labeled the coupling cofactor. Extraction of the protein from rat brain membranes with the detergent 3[3-(cholamidopropyl)diamethylammonio]-1-propanamium increased the potency of GTP gamma S by 1000-fold. After extraction, the potency was comparable to that in human brain membrane. Detergent extracts from rat brain membranes were used to resolve the component from solubilized receptors and G protein alpha and beta gamma subunits by sequential DEAE-Sephacel chromatography and Superose gel filtration (molecular weight of approximately 150 kDa in 3[3-(cholamidopropyl)diamethylammonio]-1-propanamium). Coupling cofactor restored guanine nucleotide refractoriness in a concentration-dependent manner to both detergent-extracted rat brain membranes and, albeit with lower affinity, human brain membranes. However, in human brain extracts, cofactor activity was detectable on reconstitution with rat acceptor membranes, indicating an intrinsic difference between rat and human receptors in their ability to interact with the cofactor. With high amounts of coupling cofactor present, GTP gamma S no longer decreased but rather increased agonist affinity. Readdition of partially purified coupling cofactor to acceptor membranes reduced the rate of A1 adenosine receptor-mediated G protein turnover. These observations show that the component identified traps the ternary agonist/receptor/G protein complex in a stable conformation, impedes signaling of the A1 adenosine receptor, and thereby regulates the level of signal amplification.