Experience with repair of congenital heart defects using adjunctive endovascular devices.

The use of endovascular devices as an adjunct to repair of congenital heart anomalies represents a novel but unproven therapeutic approach. Intraoperative implantation of pulmonary arterial stents (5 to 15 mm diameter) was done in 11 patients with pulmonary atresia with ventricular septal defect (n = 4), classic tetralogy of Fallot (n = 2), truncus arteriosus (n = 1), hypoplastic left heart syndrome (stage II [n = 1] and stage III [n = 1] Norwood procedure), and miscellaneous pulmonary arterial stenoses (n = 3), as well as in patients with congenital (n = 1) and postoperative (n = 3) pulmonary venous obstruction and in 1 patient with combined pulmonary arterial and venous obstruction. The stents were effective at achieving immediate patency in all patients. There were two early deaths, one related to acute thrombosis of a small-diameter left pulmonary artery stent. Reintervention because of stent-related pulmonary arterial stenosis was frequently necessary. In five of seven patients who survived more than 1 month after implantation of stent size 8 mm or smaller severe stent-related pulmonary arterial obstruction developed. In four of the five patients with pulmonary vein stent implantation intractable obstruction developed, resulting in death in all three patients who had bilateral pulmonary vein stent implantation. Intraoperative occlusion of apical muscular ventricular septal defect with use of a clamshell device inserted from the right atrial approach was accomplished in four patients. One patient who underwent associated aortic arch reconstruction died as a result of left ventricular hypoplasia. The results in the remaining three patients were favorable on the basis of absence of significant late residual intraventricular shunting, left ventricular dysfunction, or arrhythmia. We conclude that recurrent intraluminal obstruction as a result of neointimal hyperplasia appears to be an eventual certainty in currently designed small-diameter endovascular stents. For this reason, we would recommend standard surgical techniques for repair of obstructive lesions of the pulmonary arterial confluence to maximize growth potential. Device occlusion of muscular ventricular septal defects is feasible but probably only indicated for complex cases of ventricular septal deficiency that otherwise necessitate a left ventriculotomy.