Lectin, a possible basis for symbiosis between bacteria and sponges.

From the marine sponge Halichondria panicea a lectin was isolated and characterized. The homogeneous lectin (composed of protein to 80.7% and of neutral carbohydrates to 14.1%) had a molecular weight of 78,000 (determined by gel filtration) and consisted of four subunits with a molecular weight of 21,000 each (determined by gel electrophoresis in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate). The hemagglutinating activity was only slightly dependent upon ionic strength and incubation temperature and did not require divalent cations, but it was inhibited by reagents for thiol groups. The Halichondria lectin was completely inhibited in hemagglutination competition experiments in the presence of fetuin, D-galacturonic acid, D-glucuronic acid, polygalacturonic acid, or L-fucose. The purified Halichondria lectin did not cause reaggregation of dissociated H. panicea cells. From the same sponge species bacteria were isolated and identified as Pseudomonas insolita. These bacteria were cultivated in marine broth 2216. Under these culture conditions the bacteria grew only in the presence of the homologous lectin; the lectin-caused effect was not abolished by D-glucuronic acid or D-galacturonic acid. However, after addition of a polysaccharide-containing fraction isolated from P. insolita, the lectin-caused, growth-promoting effect was abolished. Other lectins were found to exhibit no growth-promoting effect. On the basis of colony counts, P. insolita was the predominant bacterial species in the sponge extract; 1.9 X 10(6) Pseudomonas colonies were measured in extracts isolated from 1 g of sponge. The assumption of an interrelationship between the sponge and the bacterium is supported by the results indicating that the Halichondria lectin has no effect on the growth of such bacteria isolated from six other marine sponge species. Evidence is presented which indicates that the Halichondria lectin is not utilized during growth of the Pseudomonas species. Lectin activity was detected on the surface of mucoid cells from H. panicea. From the data obtained the possibility is discussed that the Halichondria lectin is a basis for a symbiotic relationship between the sponge and the bacterium.