Development of seamless tri-leaflet valves.

In terms of their hydrodynamic characteristics at physiologically-relevant flows, the tri-leaflet valves show remarkable in vitro performance in comparison with similarly sized or even larger prosthetic valves. The ongoing in vivo studies confirmed the importance of adequate fluid mechanical design criteria, surface smoothness and rigorously clean fabrication procedures to minimize thrombo-embolic phenomena in the absence of anticoagulant therapies. Results from ongoing in vitro and in vivo durability studies suggest these are promising prostheses for valve replacement.