Head and neck cancer: early detection.

Tumors of the head and neck have a wide variety of presentations. Simply stated however, a sore or soreness that persists, a lump that persists, particularly if non-tender, or evidence of nerve dysfunction such as hoarseness, facial weakness, or dysphagia should alert the astute observer to the probable existence of a neoplastic rather than an inflammatory process. High-risk factors brought out in a careful history enhance the probability. Careful inspection and palpation may reveal the probable diagnosis. A skillful biopsy is essential. In this regard, aspiration needle biopsy as well as large gauge needle biopsy are receiving renewed interest. Our colleagues in biochemistry, radiology, and nuclear medicine are providing increasing support in detection and delineation of extent of tumor for the physician. Biochemical studies, particularly for the detection and delineation of extent of tumor for the physician. Biochemical studies, particularly for the detection of thyroid cases, are important. Ultrasound equipment is being developed that may give much improved delineation of lesion consistency. Xerography is superior in some instances to radiography. Nuclear scanning remains integral in the evaluation of thyroid nodules. Modifications upgrading computerized axial tomography apparatus show promise of giving better delineation of the extent of disease. Arteriography remains essential in the diagnosis of carotid body tumors.