Quantum yield and rate of formation of the carotenoid triplet state in photosynthetic structures.

The formation of the triplet state of carotenoids (detected by an absorption peak at 515 nm) and the photo-oxidation of the primary donor of Photosystem II, P-680 (detected by an absorption increase at 820 nm) have been measured by flash absorption spectroscopy in chloroplasts in which the oxygen evolution was inhibited by treatment with Tris. The amount of each transient form has been followed versus excitation flash intensity (at 590 or 694 nm). At low excitation energy the quantum yield of triplet formation (with the Photosystem II reaction center in the state Q-) is about 30% that of P-680 photo-oxidation. The yield of carotenoid triplet formation is higher in the state Q- than in the state Q, in nearly the same proportion as chlorophyll alpha fluorescence. It is concluded that, for excited chlorophyll alpha, the relative rates of intersystem crossing to the triplet state and of fluorescence emission are the same in vivo as in organic solvent. At high flash intensity the signal of P-680+ completely saturates, whereas that of carotenoid triplet continues to increase. The rate of triplet-triplet energy transfer from chlorophyll alpha to carotenoids has been derived from the rise time of the absorption change at 515 nm, in chloroplasts and in several light-harvesting pigment-protein complexes. In all cases the rate is very high, around 8 . 10(7) s-1 at 294 K. It is about 2--3 times slower at 5 K. The transitory formation of chlorophyll triplet has been verified in two pigment-protein complexes, at 5 K.