Retinofugal pathways in two chondrichthyans, the shark Scyliorhinus canicula and the ray Raja clavata.

Retinofugal pathways in the spotted dogfish Scyliorhinus canicula and the thornback ray Raja clavata were studied with reduced silver techniques following unilateral eye enucleations. Optic nerve axons decussate in the chiasma opticum, except for a small ipsilateral projection to the area preoptica. After crossing, retinal projections distribute to the area preoptica, the thalamus dorsalis pars lateralis, the thalamus ventralis pars lateralis, the corpus geniculatum laterale, the nucleus pretectalis, and the superficial layers of the tectum mesencephali. In Scyliorhinus most primary optic fibers terminate in the stratum medullare externum of the mesencephalic tectum, while in Raja the zona externa of the stratum cellulare externum receives the bulk of the retinal input. A basal optic tract could be identified in Raja, but not in Scyliorhinus. The retinofugal pathways of the two species studied are compared with those of other cartilaginous fishes and other anamniotes. It is concluded that the primary visual system in chondrichthyans resembles that of actinopterygians and amphibians. However, there is a striking difference in the way in which the primary optic fibers reach the tectal target areas. In elasmobranch fish the optic nerve fibers enter the tectum through the zona interna of the stratum cellulare externum and send their axons into the more superficial tectal layers, while in actinopterygians and amphibians the majority of the optic fibers enter the tectum through the superficial layer and distribute their axons to deeper tectal layers.