Clinicopathologic features of fluoride toxicosis in cattle.

Cattle normally ingest variable low-level amounts of fluorides with no known adverse effects, but when excessive amounts are ingested, adverse effects are induced. Several sources may contribute to the total fluoride intake. The many recognized factors that influence structural and functional responses of animals to fluorides are cited. Signs and lesions of fluoride toxicosis in cattle have been characterized. Major fluorotic lesions occur in the permanent teeth and in the bones. Dental lesions occur when excessive amounts of fluoride are ingested during the period of tooth formation and calcification. Bone effects can be induced at any time during an animal's life. A table relating structural changes and functional processes in cattle of various ages has been compiled as a guide for diagnosing and evaluating fluoride toxicosis. Recommended fluoride tolerance levels for cattle have been established. Prevention and control of fluoride toxicosis in cattle can be accomplished when the nature of the disease is realized; the symptomatology, lesions and pathogenesis are properly interpreted, correlated and evaluated; and the source(s) of excessive fluorides are eliminated.