The elbow.

Elbow joint movements have been defined, and published data concerning the measurement of these movements have been reviewed. These measurements may be reproduced by using the techniques which have been recommended, with a choice between straightforward clinical methods or a more pedantic approach for the researcher. It was recognized that the amplitudes of joint movements vary considerably between subjects, and that any lack of motion can best be shown by reference to a normal contralateral limb. Those with bilateral afflictions may have their loss of joint motion assessed by comparison with the average ranges of motion which have been reported. The average ranges of active motion for the adult male are E/F = 0/142 and P/S = 75/80 at wrist, or 65/95 at a hand grip. The average carrying angle is 11 degrees for adult males and 14 degrees for adult females; it averages 6 degrees for children. Data concerning elbow mobility in a rheumatoid population have also been presented.