Statistical and historical analyses of nations which deviate from the size-density law.

We examine nations which deviate significantly from the -2/3 size-density slope previously observed for the aggregated political subdivisions of 98 modern nations and previously derived from the theory of time-minimization. We correct Stephan's original list of deviant nations, demonstrate that all slopes more negative than -2/3 were due to the erroneous inclusion of cities in the original data sets, develop a theory to account for the less negative deviant slopes, and test the theory both through statistical manipulation of current data and through analysis of available historical data.