Effects of sex, handedness, stimulus and visual field on "mental rotation".

Shepard's mental rotation paradigm (e.g. Shepard and Metzler, 1971) was modified to allow tachistoscopic presentation of stimuli at varying angles of orientation (0 degrees to 180 degrees) in the right and left visual fields. Thirty male and thirty female subjects divided into three handedness groups (right-handers, non-familial and familial left-handers) judged whether a stimulus was a standard form or its mirror image. In general response times for correct judgements (RTc) increased monotonically as a function of angle of orientation though the curves tended to be negatively accelerated rather than linear. Right-handers showed a slower rate of increase in RTc as a function of angle than either left-handed group. Mean RTc and the rate of increase in RTc were equivalent for the two sexes and for the two visual fields. Both mean RTcs and on the rate of increase in RTc varied as a function of the stimulus. Error rates also increased monotonically as a function of angle of orientation. No sex or handedness differences in error rates were found. However, errors increased significantly less rapidly when stimuli were presented in the left visual field. It is argued that right hemisphere specialization for spatial processing minimizes the rate of increase in errors. The present failure to find sex differences may be of interest and it is argued that rapid presentation of stimuli results in subjects setting maximum and minimum response times. Within this relatively restricted "bandwith" of response times males and females may perform spatial tasks equally efficiently. Some confirmation for this hypothesis vs. an alternative based upon differences in hemispheric organization was found in a second experiment.