Cognitive self-control factors in EMG biofeedback.

This study investigated the efficacy of manipulation of cognitive self-control expectancy in EMG biofeedback training. It was predicted that a treatment procedure, which includes a positive-cognitive stage that establishes and reinforces a positive self-control belief system and also includes a training stage in EMG biofeedback, will be more effective in achieving a reduction in EMG activity than a treatment procedure which includes a negative-cognitive stage and which also includes ambiguous features prior to training and a treatment approach solely concerned with training. The study consisted of four groups with 10 subjects in each. In one group, expectation for inner control ability was created prior to actual training in reducing EMG activity. In the second group, expectation for negative self-control ability was created prior to EMG training. The third group only underwent the actual training in EMG. The fourth group served as a control group. The results show that the positive-cognitive self-control group was significantly more effective in reducing muscle activity than the other groups.