Influence of joint position on ankle plantarflexion in humans.

The contractile properties of the triceps surae (medial and lateral gastrocnemii and soleus) have been studied in humans. In comparison with most other human muscles, the triceps complex had a slow twitch (mean contraction and half-relaxation times 112.4 +/- 11.1 and 99.6 +/- 14.4 ms, respectively) and a low tetanus fusion frequency (60 Hz). Stretching the muscle caused both the contraction and half-relaxation times to become longer. With the knee bent, the optimum length for torque development corresponded to almost full dorsiflexion of the ankle. Similar results were obtained with the knee extended. The optimum position of the ankle differed considerably from the position of the joint when the leg was at rest. Although the position of the ankle joint affected electromyographic (EMG) activity recorded during maximal voluntary contraction, there was little change in the EMG-to-M wave ratio.