Ultrastructure of skin and hair of an Egyptian mummy. Transmission and scanning electron microscopic observations.

The skin of a female Egyptian mummy, embalmed 100-300 A.D., was studied by transmission and scanning electron microscopy. After rehydration with cacodylate buffer containing sucrose, the ordinary technique for transmission electron microscopy was performed on skin of the right shoulder. In epidermal cells, mitochondria and their cristae were identified. Between epidermal cells, desmosomes, half the normal size, were found. In the dermis, collagen bundles and elastic fibres were observed. The collagen fibres had a diameter of 67-91 nm, and the band pattern showed 10-12 sub-bands per one period of 55-61 nm length. The elastic fibres had less amorphous substance than normal and a fibrillar beaded pattern. The dermal components of the skin were well preserved in spite of the mummification. Throughout the dermis and the subcutaneous fatty tissue, a number of bacterial spores were found showing a characteristic appearance. Scanning electron microscopy of hairs showed a layer of the preserving material surrounding hairs, and under it a normal cuticle was seen.