Measurement of depression in clinical trials: an overview.

The purpose of this article is to provide an overview of the commonly used measures of depression in order to help clinicians better interpret the results of clinical studies of depression. In the first section comprehensive and specific depression measures are contrasted. In the second section five classes of depression measures are defined: self-report, self-monitoring, ratings of significant others, clinical ratings, and ward observations. Several methodological issues are illustrated in discussing the liabilities, assets, and possible misuses of each class. Recommendations for accurate interpretation of depression measures are listed in the conclusion.