Professional participation in organizational decision making: physicians in HMOs.

Although it has been suggested that participation by physicians in administrative and policy decisions is linked to outcomes in health care organizations, there is little research on this subject. Using Shortell's framework this paper considers relationships between perceived participation and three intermediate organizational outcomes: physician work satisfaction, perceived staff consensus about day-to-day activities, and attitudes toward patients. Also considered are situational, professional, and personal characteristics which may be related to participation. Data were collected from four staff model health maintenance organizations (HMOs) in 1978 and 1979 through physician questionnaires, administrator interviews, and documents. Physicians who reported greater participation were more satisfied with work, perceived greater staff consensus, and had more favorable attitudes toward patients. Greater participation was associated with full-time employment status and more years in the HMO (but not with the physicians' professional or personal characteristics). Implications of these findings are discussed, and it is proposed that the findings suggest mechanisms by which participation in organizational decision making may affect ultimate outcomes of the organization.