Complex-irreversibility and evolution.

Both, irreversibility and evolution, imply order in time. It is argued that the only possible concept of time is a 'system-specific time', and that order in time is convertible into order in space and vice-versa. While life-less, complex systems are irreversible because of their complexity and, hence, not repeatable, living systems are reproduced by irreversible copy-reproduction and by coding. This mode of reproduction results of necessity in an arrow of time of growth and increasing complexity with death as its antagonist, and in obligatory spatial asymmetry. This arrow of increasing organic complexity is simultaneous with, and independent of, the arrow of increasing entropy. - A generalized, organic hierarchy is proposed as the model to study higher evolution. This hierarchy reproduces itself by differential rates of reproduction of its subunits within and between the various hierarchical levels of organization. Phylogenetic change is brought about by a change in this hierarchy's specific phase pattern of growth. Continuous and discrete organization is defined, and it is shown that specific relations between continuous and discrete levels within the hierarchy result in accumulation of neutral alleles. This accumulation is due to complex-irreversibility and causes genetic stabilisation, i.e. heritability, of the species-specific morphology of organisms.