Temperature-mediated interaction of tetanus toxin with cerebral neuron cultures: characterization of a neuraminidase-insensitive toxin-receptor complex.

Energy-dependent internalization of 125I-labeled tetanus toxin into cultured neural cells is shown to follow an energy-independent binding process. A three-step model, involving receptor-mediated binding followed by sequestration and internalization is proposed. In the first step, binding of toxin is enhanced in appearance under low ionic strength medium, at 0-4 degrees C; it is suppressed, however, with increasing incubation temperature under physiological salt concentrations. Cell-bound toxin is displaced by approximately 35.5% when high-salt medium (physiological concentrations) is added to cells at 0-4 degrees C; the effect is further amplified at 37 degrees C. Addition of disialoganglioside GD1b (1-5 micrograms/ml) also lowers the amount of cell-associated toxin. The fraction of 125I-labeled toxin retained by the cells after exposure to high-salt medium at 0-4 degrees C or after addition of GD1b is operationally defined as sequestered toxin. This second step, characterized by a stable association of the toxin with the neural cells, is affected by both physiological salt and by 37 degrees C conditions. Lastly, an energy-dependent phenomenon of firm association of tetanus toxin with neural cells, compatible with internalization, is described. The toxin residing in this fraction is bioactive and cannot be removed by salts, gangliosides, or by treatment with protease or neuraminidase. Binding, sequestration, and internalization are mutually dependent, as they are all blocked by pretreatment of cells with neuraminidase and by an enhanced energy-independent sequestration event, which results in enhanced tetanus toxin internalization by an energy-dependent process.