Cytophotometric DNA determinations and autoradiographic studies in salivary gland nuclei from larvae with different karyotypes in Drosophila melanogaster.

Cytophotometric DNA determinations in Feulgen stained mitotic diploid chromosome sets of neuroblasts from larvae of Drosophila melanogaster stocks, which possess different karyotypes, show significant differences between the 4C values, caused by an additional or deficient X- and Y-chromosome depending on the karyotype. The ranges of polytenic DNA size classes are theoretically expected to be doublings of the corresponding 4C mean value of each karyotype. The extinction integral data of nuclei with completely duplicated 4C quantities exclusively fall into the range of the expected size classes. Not all data falling into the range of a size class necessarily originate from duplicated nuclei, because the limits of the DNA size classes cannot be determined by measurements, but must be estimated from the confidence limits of the corresponding 4C mean value. The validity of the mitotic 4C values of the karyotypes X/X and X/Y is tested using data from non-labeled interphase nuclei, where extinction integral data accumulate in two groups. The larger values (= G2-nuclei) confirm the 4C values of mitotic chromosome sets, and the lower values (= G1-nuclei) are just half of these. Extinction integrals from individual, 3H-thymidine non-incorporating polytene salivary gland nuclei accumulate in distinct, non-overlapping groups which are always complete doublings of the preceding smaller group. In each karyotype, the most frequent data of each group are in accord with the 4C doublings. The data from labeled nuclei alternate with those from unlabeled nuclei. The measured DNA values of individual polytene nuclei that did not incorporate any 3H-thymidine, demonstrate that all chromosomal DNA replicates completely during polytenization of the chromosomes in the larval salivary gland nuclei of Drosophila melanogaster. Specifically, this would mean that the heterochromatic Y-chromosome replicates as well as the partially heterochromatic X-chromosome along with the autosomes. There is no indication of underreplicating heterochromatin.