Lymphokines: their role in lymphocyte responses. Properties of interleukin 1.

Interleukin 1, or IL 1, otherwise known as lymphocyte-activating factor, is a macrophage-derived 12,000- to 15,000-dalton polypeptide. Isoelectric focusing of human IL 1 reveals three peaks at pI's of 5.2, 6.0 and 6.9 respectively. IL 1 can be depleted of lymphocyte-derived IL 2 by SP-Sephadex chromatography. IL 1 augments the mitogenic response of PNA- Lyt 1+ thymocytes, and promotes thymocyte helper functions and B cell antibody production. IL 1 induces stable E rosette formation and the production of lymphokines such as T cell growth factor (IL 2) by peripheral T lymphocytes. Others have shown that IL 1 or closely related factors also stimulate hypothalamic cells to induce fever; induce in vitro fibroblast growth, prostaglandin, and collagenase production; and stimulate hepatocytes to produce acute phase proteins such as serum amyloid A. Murine epidermal cells also produce a 15,000-dalton factor that is mitogenic for thymocytes and may be similar to IL 1. We have recently hybridized spleen cells from mice sensitized with partially purified human IL 1 with a myeloma cell line. Clones have been isolated that produce supernatants that partially inhibit the thymocyte proliferative response to IL 1 but not the T cell growth factor activity of IL 2. Should these hybridoma products prove to be monoclonal anti-IL 1 antibodies, they will facilitate the further purification and characterization of IL 1.