Variants of ELISA in plant virus diagnosis.

Variations of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) were compared with respect to their ability to detect and to differentiate serologically related plant viruses. The broadest range of serologically related viruses was detected by an indirect ELISA on unprecoated plates. Coating the plates with F(ab')2 fragments led to narrowing of the specificity in heterologous reactions of tymo-, tombus- and tobamoviruses in indirect ELISA. With Andean potato latent virus (APLV) heterologous reactions were weaker on plates precoated with F(ab')2 fragments than on those precoated with intact antibodies. Even on plates precoated with F(ab')2 fragments the indirect ELISA detected a broader range of serologically related viruses than the direct double antibody sandwich method. Heterologous reactions in indirect ELISA procedures on plates precoated with either intact antibodies or F(ab')2 fragments were always weaker than homologous reactions independent of the concentration of coating reactants and detecting antibodies. Attempts to differentiate closely related strains of APLV or radish mosaic virus by direct ELISA using F(ab')2 fragments either for coating the plates or after labelling with alkaline phosphatase for detecting the trapped antigens failed. Under suitable conditions, the additional working step usually necessary for indirect ELISA could be avoided by using a short procedure which at low concentrations of detecting antibodies was more sensitive than the conventional procedure.