Females without infants: mating strategies in two species of captive macaques.

Bonnet (Macaca radiata) and rhesus (Macaca mulatta) macaque females were observed during the breeding season to evaluate differences in mating strategies between females without infants and females with dependent offspring. Rhesus nonmothers participated in consortships earlier in the breeding season and initiated and received more approaches with adult males than rhesus mothers did. Bonnet nonmothers entered estrus earlier, began copulating earlier, and approached and presented to adult males more often than bonnet mothers did. Interacting with males frequently and early in in the breeding season may improve nonmothers' chances of conceiving and bringing offspring to term, with little competition from mother peers.