Evaluation of hyperpronation and pes planus in adults.

Pes planus and hyperpronation of the hindfoot and midfoot are differentiated, and the numerous methods available for the clinical evaluation of both (including their norms) in the adult are presented. Pedotopography, a moiré fringe technique, is currently used in the clinical evaluation, along with "eyeball" visualization, tape measurement, ink mats, and roentgenography. Static deformities of the lower limbs and their joints are frequently responsible for manifestations of hyperpronation in the feet. Trauma and disease to bone, joints, or tendons in the region of the hindfoot or ankle can result in spastic pes planus with hyperpronation. Hyperpronation (excessive medial rotation of the talus) may exist without pes planus, but pes planus rarely is present without some degree of hyperpronation.