Clinical pharmaceutical services in retail practice. I. Pharmacists' willingness and abilities to provide services.

The expansion of service levels in traditional community pharmacies in the face of structural and process impediments as well as the lack of reinforcement that would be provided by demand and reimbursement for such services requires a highly dedicated professional. As a result, this research had the goals of investigating the relationship between service provision and pharmacist willingness and competency, and characterizing pharmacists who presently do or do not provide expanded levels of service. A census of South Carolina community pharmacists was carried out using a self-administered, mail questionnaire. Analysis of the 890 responses representing 63.4 percent of the sample revealed that there is a significant relationship between pharmacists' willingness and ability and the extent to which they provide expanded levels of service. Pharmacists providing services were not only more willing and able to do so, but worked longer hours, tended to work in apothecary or independent pharmacies, held advanced degrees, and were more involved in continuing education. The results generally support the hypothesis that both willingness and competency may serve as barriers to the extension of clinical services into traditional community pharmacy settings.