Localization of function in the cerebral cortex. Past, present and future.

At a famous meeting of the International Medical Congress held in London on August 4, 1881 Goltz of Strassburg (as it was then spelt) confronted Ferrier of London on the subject of the localization of function in the cerebral cortex. In the first part of this paper the events of that meeting are recalled. Goltz was reluctant to accept the idea of localization because of the restitution of function after injury to the cortex, and because of the general rather than specific residual disabilities of his lesioned dogs. On the other hand, Ferrier's monkeys with cortical lesions demonstrated convincingly that local lesions can produce loss of specific functions. One hundred years later a meeting was held in Oxford on the same topic, and the discussions that took place are summarized in the second part of this paper. No-one doubted the doctrine of localization, namely that different parts of the cerebral cortex normally perform different specialized roles. However, there was no unanimity about how to separate or count the number of different parts of the cortex, nor about the nature of the specialized roles of the parts, nor about any common characteristics of the functions of different parts. In other words, though localization was agreed upon, precisely what the functions are that are localized remained obscure. The third section of this paper advances some speculations on this point. Is a theory of cortical function that would encompass the diverse roles of different parts perhaps within sight, which might even explain the plasticity that must underlie the restitution of function that so impressed Goltz one hundred years ago?