Plasma prolactin and gonadotrophins during gonadal development and the onset of photorefractoriness in male and female starlings (Sturnus vulgaris) on artificial photoperiods.

Previous studies have shown that an increase in prolactin secretion coincides with the beginning of the photorefractory phase in starlings (Sturnus vulgaris). To determine how closely this increase is associated with the onset of refractoriness, we kept starlings on photoperiods which would induce refractoriness at different rates. Four groups of males and females were transferred from 8h light:16h darkness (8L:16D) to either 18L:6D, 13L:11D, 11L:13D or 8L:16D. Weekly blood samples were assayed for LH, FSH and prolactin and the males were frequently laparotomized to determine testis volume. In males, both 18L and 13L induced marked increases in plasma gonadotrophin levels and rapid gonadal maturation. A photoperiod of 18L induced an earlier onset of refractoriness (2-4 weeks) than 13L (6 weeks). In both cases prolactin levels began to increase immediately before the onset of refractoriness. Males on 11L showed a slight increase in gonadotrophin levels and slow gonadal maturation. There was no increase in prolactin levels and these birds did not become refractory. Hormonal data from the females were similar to those from males. These results confirm that increased prolactin secretion is associated, in some way, with the onset of photorefractoriness in this species, although whether it is a cause or consequence of photorefractoriness, or simply of gonadal regression, remains unclear.