The role of bleeding upon probing in the diagnosis of periodontal disease. A literature review.

Assessment of bleeding upon probing is an integral part of a periodontal examination. Recent investigations have indicated that bleeding reflects histological, clinical and bacteriological alterations associated with periodontal disease. Furthermore, clinical and histologic data suggest that bleeding is an earlier sign of gingivitis than visual signs of inflammation (redness and swelling). The current literature referring to the role of bleeding upon probing in the diagnosis of periodontal disease is reviewed, and its limitations as a clinical parameter are discussed.