Psychology and pharmacology in cigarette withdrawal.

Many smokers would like to give up cigarettes and reduce their risk of ill health or premature death. One reason why they so often fail is the rapid onset of withdrawal symptoms such as irritability, hunger, depression and acute craving for cigarettes. This paper looks at what underlies the cigarette withdrawal syndrome, and in particular the role of nicotine. The evidence reviewed indicates that partial nicotine replacement helps to alleviate withdrawal symptoms following cigarette abstinence, and switching to a low nicotine cigarette can lead to effects normally associated with cigarette withdrawal. Much of the discomfort associated with cigarette abstinence appears to be a direct result of nicotine deprivation. Relief of withdrawal symptoms by means of a temporary substitute source of nicotine can assist smokers who are highly motivated to give up.