Dopaminergic regulation of hatching in fish embryos.

Enveloped medaka embryos and denuded zebrafish embryos were exposed to agents that are known to modify the activity of dopaminergic systems. Precocious emergence of medaka embryos was found in the presence of pimozide, salsolinol, and alpha-methyl-rho-tyrosine, whereas delayed hatching occurred with bromocriptine and apomorphine. Moreover, the hatching rate in the light period of medaka eggs, exposed to a 12-hr light/12-hr dark cycle, is significantly higher than in the dark period. Precocious hatching enzyme secretion from denuded zebrafish embryos is caused by salsolinol, whereas dopamine has an opposite effect. At the same time it turned out that in controls hatching enzyme release from denuded zebrafish embryos is well correlated with hatching of enveloped zebrafish embryos. These results do not support the hypothesis proposed by several authors that hatching enzyme is solely mechanically released, but suggest a controlling influence of dopamine receptors, probably located in the developing central nervous system. Assuming a stimulating effect of prolactin on teleostean hatching enzyme secretion, the present data indicate that hypothalamic-hypophyseal tracts are functional at the time of hatching.