Characterization of a membrane regulator of insulin receptor affinity.

Using the technique of radiation inactivation we have previously shown that the insulin receptor behaves as if it is composed of at least two functional components: a binding component (Mr approximately equal to 100,000) and an affinity regulatory component (Mr approximately equal to 300,000). The interaction between the affinity regulator and binding component results in a decrease in the affinity of the receptor for insulin. To examine in more detail the interaction between this "affinity regulator" and the binding component we have studied the insulin receptor by radiation inactivation under conditions which alter receptor concentration or receptor affinity. Liver membranes of ob/ob mice exhibit a decrease in insulin binding when compared to their lean litter mates which is due to a decrease in receptor concentration. When studied by radiation inactivation, however, there was no detectable change in the interaction or size of the two receptor components. By contrast, under circumstances in which the affinity of the receptor was increased (treatment with high salt, high pH, 1 mM dithiothreitol, 1-5 micrograms/ml of trypsin), the interaction between the regulatory and binding components was either decreased or absent, i.e. there was no increase in binding with irradiation. Conversely, conditions which produce a decrease in receptor affinity resulted in an increase in the interaction between the regulatory and binding components. The changes in receptor affinity and interactions of the two components produced by either high salt or pH were reversible. Partial purification of the solubilized receptor on lectin affinity columns resulted in the apparent removal of the affinity regulator, i.e. receptor affinity was increased. In this state, radiation inactivation studies revealed a monoexponential decay indicating no interaction between binding and regulatory components. Taken together, these results suggest that the affinity regulator is a membrane protein which is both trypsin-sensitive and has disulfide bond(s) essential for its function. The interaction between the affinity regulator and binding component is not via a covalent bond and the two components appear to be separated by lectin chromatography. The interaction between these components appears to be altered in most states associated with altered receptor affinity.