Single unit activity in the nucleus of the basal optic root (nBOR) during optokinetic, vestibular and visuo-vestibular stimulations in the alert pigeon (Columbia livia).

Extracellular recordings were performed in the nucleus of the basal optic root (nBOR) of alert pigeons during optokinetic nystagmus (OKN), vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR) and combined visuo-vestibular stimulation. Cell identification was assessed either by histological control or by electrophysiological testing (antidromic response to vestibulo-cerebellar or oculomotor complex stimulation). 1) OKN was induced in 8 directions by a binocular stimulation. During the fast phase of OKN, optokinetic after nystagmus (OKAN) or reversed OKAN, most cells showed an inhibition which varied in magnitude independent of the direction of stimulation. A few cells however showed a phasic discharge for some OKN directions. 2) During the slow phase of OKN induced by a binocular stimulation, cells displayed either a tonic activation or a more or less strong inhibition according to the direction of the OKN. Cells were classified in 4 groups, according to their degree of directional specificity. The best OKN direction (slow phase) for maximal cell activation was upwards and naso-upwards, and next to best, naso-temporal and downwards. Maximal cell inhibition occurred during downward, and for some cells during upward, directions. 3) During OKN induced by stimulating the eye contralateral to the recorded nBOR, cell responses resembled those obtained during binocular stimulation, but, during ipsilaterally induced OKN, the cells lost their directional specificity. As a result of binocular integration, neuronal activation seems to originate from contralateral input whereas cell inhibition would mainly come from ipsilateral input. 4) During sinusoidal optokinetic stimulation induced in the temporo downward-naso upward axis, cells showed a more or less marked modulation (according to their directional selectivity) that was closely in phase with the stimulation velocity, and therefore probably with retinal slip. 5) nBOR cells appeared generally unaffected during both the slow phase and the fast phase of the VOR. However, some cells showed a slight but irregular modulation which might imply a weak vestibular input. During visuo-vestibular stimulation, the response resembled that obtained with sinusoidal optokinetic stimulation but the fast phase inhibition was often strengthened in the downwards direction (fast phase).