Rapid and direct detection of herpes simplex virus and varicella-zoster virus antigens in clinical specimens by staphylococcal reagent and membrane filtration.

Herpes simplex virus was detected rapidly and directly in 31 and varicella-zoster virus in two of 50 clinical specimens using specific antisera, stabilized staphylococci rich in protein A and membrane filtration. Microscopical examination of the cells retained on the filter membrane revealed attached staphylococci only on cells harbouring viral antigens but not on non-infected cells or cells from healthy donors. Infected cells treated with negative control sera and stabilized staphylococci and subsequently subjected to membrane filtration were also devoid of the marker. It was also possible to detect herpes simplex virus antigens in three specimens which were culture negative. Similar results were obtained with staphylococci specifically sensitized with anti-herpes simplex rabbit serum. No interfering, non-specific background of unattached staphylococci was observed on the filter membrane. The results were confirmed by the direct immunofluorescent test. The method is sensitive, specific, and provides results within 3 h. It could be employed for the rapid screening of populations at risk, e.g. pregnant women, medical personnel, and societies with a growing incidence of genital herpes. Since no special, expensive equipment is required, the method is also suitable for modestly equipped clinical laboratories.