3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase from rat intestine: subcellular localization and in vitro regulation.

The subcellular localization of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase in rat intestine was reinvestigated. Highly enriched fractions of endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria were prepared from mucosal cells. The highest specific activity of HMG-CoA reductase was located in the endoplasmic reticulum fraction with recovery of 25% of the total activity. The mitochondria had low specific activity and low recovery of reductase activity relative to whole homogenate (2-5%). Despite attempts to maximize cell lysis, much of the activity (about 60%) was recovered in a low speed pellet which consisted of whole cells, nuclei, and cell debris as determined by light microscopy. Taken together, the evidence strongly suggests that much of the cellular HMG-CoA reductase activity is present in the endoplasmic reticulum fraction and that mitochondria have little or no intrinsic HMG-CoA reductase. The in vitro regulation of intestinal microsomal HMG-CoA reductase was studied. The intestine possesses a cytosolic HMG-CoA reductase kinase-phosphatase system which appears to be closely related to that present in the liver. Intestinal reductase activity in microsomes prepared from whole mucosal scrapings was inhibited 40-50% by the presence of 50 mM NaF in the homogenizing buffer. It was less susceptible to the action of the kinase than liver reductase. The effects of NaF were reversed by incubation with partially purified intestinal or liver phosphatases. These results suggest that the kinase-phosphatase system could play a role in the regulation of intestinal sterol and isoprene synthesis in vivo.