Spontaneous cytotoxicity by human peripheral blood monocytes: inhibition by monosaccharides and oligosaccharides.

The mechanism by which nonimmune cytotoxic effector cells recognize "foreign" targets for cytotoxic attack was investigated utilizing a model system in which cultured human monocytes become cytotoxic to a broad variety of xenogeneic erythrocyte target cells. Such spontaneously cytotoxic human monocytes lyse targets such as chicken (CRBC), horse (HRBC), and rat (RRBC) erythrocytes rapidly and without the addition of exogeneous lectin or antibody. It was found that a variety of simple sugars were capable of blocking the expression of cytotoxicity by precultured human monocytes, and that different oligosaccharides blocked the killing of different targets. For example, cellobiose, a beta 1-4 dimer of D (+) glucose, blocked, CRBC and HRBC lysis in vitro, but had no effect on RRBC lysis. Arabinogalactan (a complex polysaccharide with a galactose beta 1-3 galactose backbone and galactose beta 1-6 galactose side chains with terminal arabinoses), however, blocked HRBC killing, but exhibited only minor inhibition of CRBC killing. Other aspects of cell-mediated function, including lymphocyte transformation to PHA, cell viability as assessed by trypan blue exclusion, monocyte phagocytosis of opsonized CRBC's, and PHA-induced cellular cytotoxicity of CRBC targets, were essentially intact in the presence of identical concentrations of oligosaccharides. Such target-specific inhibition is consistent with the hypothesis that cytotoxic human monocytes recognize various targets through surface receptors which interact with specific monosacchardies, disaccharide, and oligosaccharide sequences present on the target surface.