In-home observations of young Down syndrome children with their mothers and fathers.

Sixteen mothers, fathers, and their 4- to 7-year-old children were observed interacting in their homes during three family groupings: (a) mother and child, (b) father and child, and (c) mother, father, and child. Half the children had Down syndrome and half were nonhandicapped. Parents of children with Down syndrome structured their interactions with their offspring by assuming manager and teacher roles more often than did parents of nonhandicapped children. Children with Down syndrome were less contingently responsive to both parents than were nonhandicapped children. Mothers of Down syndrome children assumed the teacher role more often than fathers did. Fathers of both groups of children interacted less with their offspring in the triadic family grouping, whereas mothers were more consistent, assuming a parenting role across family contexts.