Effects of spatial context during acquisition on the recall of attributive information.

We found that learners were sensitive to the spatial context in which various information was obtained and that they could use it symbolically to aid recall even when spatial cues were not available during testing. In three experiments, televised and purely aural statements made by various speakers were presented at distinct locations in the recipient's immediate surroundings. This was found to increase attributive recall compared to (a) all information sources in a single place, (b) information sources in several places but with place not consistently linked with information sources, and (c) use of a nonspatial stimulus context consistently associated with information source, such as the physical appearance of announcers. Theoretically, we conclude, with Hasher and Zacks, the place provides especially privileged cues and that not all content-correlated background stimuli are equipotent cues in associative learning. Practically, we recommend that in order to remember who said what, it helps to have speakers in separate and distinct places.