Effects of ZnCl2 on membrane interactions in myelin of normal and shiverer mice.

X-ray diffraction was used to record the effects of metal cations on the structure of peripheral nerve myelin. Acidic saline (pH 5.0) either with or without added metal cations caused myelin to swell by 10-20 A from its native period of 178 A. The X-ray patterns usually showed broad reflections, and higher orders were either weak or unobserved. With added ZnCl2, however, the swollen myelin gave diffraction patterns that retained sharp reflections to approx. 15 A spacing. Alkaline saline (pH 9.7) containing ZnCl2 produced a reduction of the myelin period by approx. 5 A which was at least twice as much as that produced by other metals. To examine the underlying chemical basis for these unique interactions of Zn2+ with myelin, we carried out parallel X-ray experiments on sciatic nerve from the shiverer mutant mouse, which lacks the major myelin basic proteins. Shiverer myelin responded like normal myelin to ZnCl2 in acidic saline; however, in alkaline saline shiverer myelin showed broadened X-ray reflections which indicated disordering of the regularity of the membrane arrays, and additional reflections were recorded which indicated lipid phase separation. This breakdown may come about by the binding of Zn2+ to negatively-charged lipids which could be more exposed due to the absence of myelin basic proteins. Electron density profiles were calculated on the assumption that, except for changes in their packing, the myelin membranes were minimally altered in structure. For both normal and shiverer myelins, treatments under acidic conditions resulted in swelling at the extracellular apposition and a slight narrowing of the cytoplasmic space. This swelling is likely due to adsorption of protons and divalent cations. Interaction between Zn2+ and myelin P0 glycoprotein could preserve an ordered arrangement of the apposed membrane surfaces. Alkaline saline containing ZnCl2 produced compaction at the cytoplasmic apposition in both normal and shiverer myelins possibly through interactions with a portion of P0 glycoprotein which extends into the cytoplasmic space between membranes.